Social Security: What is the Windfall Elimination Provision & How Does it Affect Your Benefits?

By David Nadelle

April 26, 2022

Koldunov / iStock.com

Affecting a small percentage of Social Security beneficiaries, the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) is a modified benefit formula that can reduce the size of your Social Security retirement or disability benefit if you receive a pension from a job in which your employer hadn’t withheld Social Security taxes from your salary.

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Typical jobs that fall under this type of non-covered pension scenario are in state or local government agencies that do not participate in FICA payroll-tax withholding — or an employer in another country. Teachers are one of the most common groups to be impacted by this rule, but it often impacts other public sector workers like firefighters, police officers and numerous other state, county and municipal employees.

Congress approved the Windfall Elimination Provision in 1983 as part of a larger package of Social Security reforms (including an increase in the full retirement age). The intent was to remove an unintended advantage — and overgenerous payments — to workers who have earnings not covered by Social Security and who receive non-covered work pensions (typically from government employment), but who also did some “covered” work in jobs that paid into Social Security.

Does the Windfall Elimination Provision Apply to Me?

This provision can affect you if you earn a retirement or disability pension from an employer who didn’t withhold Social Security taxes and if you qualify for Social Security retirement or disability benefits from work in other jobs for which you did pay taxes. The Windfall Elimination Provision could apply if you reached age 62 after 1985 or if you developed a qualifying disability after 1985.

The WEP cannot cut your Social Security payment by more than half of the amount of your monthly pension — and it cannot zero out your retirement benefit. For those filing at full retirement age, this reduction is capped at a monthly reduction of $512 for 2022.

And if you have more than 20 years of substantial covered earnings (where you paid Social Security tax), the impact of the WEP begins to diminish. At 30 years of substantial covered earnings, the WEP does not apply.

How Many People Are Impacted by the WEP?

According to the Congressional Research Service, about 2.0 million people, or 3% of Social Security beneficiaries, are affected by the provisions as of Dec. 2021. Of those affected, most are retired state and local government workers covered by alternative staff-retirement programs. Many retired permanent civilian federal employees hired before January 1, 1984, who are covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), are also affected.

The WEP has come under scrutiny by opponents who feel the formula is an inaccurate method of determining the actual windfall of individual cases. Critics contend that the WEP disproportionately reduces benefits for lower-earning families and significantly reduces benefits that workers have included in their retirement plans.

There are currently several bills before Congress that would either change how the WEP affects Social Security based on past earnings (from both covered and non-covered employment) or eliminate it entirely, but lawmakers have yet to budge on changing the provision since its inception.

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You can calculate the impact WEP might have on your Social Security benefits via the Windfall Elimination Provision online calculator at SSA.gov.

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About the Author

David Nadelle

David Nadelle is a freelance editor and writer based in Ottawa, Canada. After working in the energy industry for 18 years, he decided to change careers in 2016 and concentrate full-time on all aspects of writing. He recently completed a technical communication diploma and holds previous university degrees in journalism, sociology and criminology. David has covered a wide variety of financial and lifestyle topics for numerous publications and has experience copywriting for the retail industry.