401(k) Early Withdrawals: How to Access Funds Before Retirement

A 401(k) early withdrawal means taking money out of your retirement account before age 59½, which usually triggers a 10% penalty on top of regular income taxes.

If you’re thinking about tapping your 401(k) early, you’re not alone. Life happens — from job loss to medical bills — and sometimes you need access to cash sooner than planned.

While it’s possible to withdraw early, those penalties and taxes can take a serious bite out of your balance and long-term growth. This guide explains the IRS rules, penalty-free withdrawal options, the real cost of cashing out, and smarter alternatives that could save you thousands.

Can You Withdraw Money From a 401(k) Before Retirement?

Yes, you can draw from your 401(k) early — but it’ll cost you. The IRS notes that most 401(k) withdrawals before age 59½ face a 10% early withdrawal penalty in addition to income tax. Here’s a breakdown of what to expect from an early withdrawal.

The Standard Rules

• Qualified withdrawals start at age 59½
• Required minimum distributions (RMDs) begin at age 73
• Early withdrawals happen before 59½ and usually trigger penalties

401(k) Early Withdrawal Taxes and Penalties Explained

According to the Investment Company Institute, nearly 5% of active 401(k) participants took hardship withdrawals in 2023, the highest rate in over a decade. For most early withdrawals, you’ll face:

• 10% penalty on the amount withdrawn
• Federal income tax based on your tax bracket
• State income tax (varies by state)

Example: If you’re 45 and take out $20,000 without an exception, you could owe $2,000 in penalties and about $4,400 in federal taxes at a 22% rate, leaving just $13,600 in your pocket.

Exceptions to the 401(k) Early Withdrawal Penalty

The IRS offers several ways to avoid the 10% penalty:

• Rule of 55: Leave your job in the year you turn 55 (50 for certain public safety workers) and you can withdraw from that employer’s 401(k) without penalty.
• 72(t) Substantially Equal Periodic Payments (SEPP): Fixed withdrawals over your life expectancy; must continue for at least five years or until 59½.
• Total and permanent disability
• Death: Beneficiaries can take funds penalty-free
• Medical expenses above 7.5% of adjusted gross income (AGI)
• Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO): Court-ordered distribution during divorce
• IRS levy on your account
• Disaster relief withdrawals: Up to $22,000 for federally declared disasters

Per IRS data, medical and disability exceptions account for nearly 40% of penalty-free withdrawals.

401(k) Hardship Withdrawals: Rules, Qualifications, and Costs

The IRS defines hardship withdrawals as “an immediate and heavy financial need,” which may include:

• Medical bills
• Buying a primary residence (non-mortgage costs)
• Tuition or education expenses
• Preventing eviction or foreclosure
• Funeral costs
• Major repairs to a primary home

Key points:

• You’ll still owe income taxes, even if the 10% penalty is waived
• Withdrawals are limited to the amount needed to cover the hardship
• Documentation is required

How Much Tax Will You Owe on a 401(k) Early Withdrawal?

Note: State income taxes may apply and withdrawals can increase your AGI, potentially reducing eligibility for certain credits and deductions.

Fidelity reports that the average 401(k) balance for people in their 40s is about $121,500, meaning a $20,000 withdrawal could remove more than 16% of your savings.

Alternatives to 401(k) Early Withdrawal​

Before you pull money from your 401(k), explore these options:

• 401(k) loan: Borrow from your balance and repay yourself with interest; no taxes or penalties if repaid on time.
• Roth IRA contributions: You can withdraw contributions (not earnings) tax and penalty-free anytime.
• Health Savings Account (HSA): Use for qualified medical expenses without penalty.
• Home equity loan or HELOC: May offer lower rates than personal loans.
• 72(t) SEPP: Access funds in structured installments without penalty.

What Happens If You Leave Your Job Early?

• Rule of 55: Allows penalty-free withdrawals from your most recent employer’s 401(k).
• Rollover options: Transfer to an IRA or a new employer plan to avoid taxes and penalties.
• Roth conversion ladder: Convert funds to a Roth IRA and access them after a five-year waiting period.

Steps to Withdraw Money From a 401(k) Before Retirement

1. Contact your plan administrator: Confirm your eligibility and available options.
2. Review tax impact: Talk to a financial or tax advisor.
3. Complete the required forms: Follow both the plan and the IRS requirements.
4. Choose withholding preferences: Decide how much tax to withhold now vs. later.
5. Submit and track: Keep records for your taxes.

The Long-Term Cost of Taking Money Out of a 401(k) Early

Pulling $20,000 today doesn’t just reduce your balance; it can cost decades of compounding growth. At a 7% annual return, that $20,000 could grow to over $76,000 in 20 years, or more than $150,000 in 30 years.

Should You Take a 401(k) Early Withdrawal? Key Considerations

Knowing how to withdraw money from a 401(k) before retirement is one thing. Deciding to do it is another. Unless you qualify for a penalty-free exception, early withdrawals can cost you thousands now and far more over time.

Before making a move:

• See if you meet an IRS exception
• Consider alternative funding sources
• Talk to a fiduciary advisor for personalized guidance

Your retirement account is designed to fund your future — tapping it early should be your last resort. For more strategies, see our guides on 401(k) loans and early retirement planning.

Information is accurate as of Aug. 12, 2025.