The credit card processing fees for Visa and MasterCard currently range from about 1.10 percent to 2.95 percent. According to Discover, it charges comparable rates and its cash back bonuses incentivizes patrons to spend more money at businesses and places that accept Discover cards. Amex processing fees are much higher, ranging from 2.3 percent to 3.5 percent. A fee of about 1 percent might not sound like a lot, but for every $1,000,000 in sales that a business receives, that’s an extra $10,000 in expenses paid to Amex. Small retailers might not even have a big enough profit margin to afford that additional cost, so they often aren’t among the places that accept American Express credit cards.
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How Amex and Discover Operate
Amex and Discover work differently than MasterCard or Visa. Amex and Discover market and issue their cards directly to the cardholder. Amex operates on what it calls a “closed-loop network” and provides the full range of credit card services, serving four roles:
- Card issuer
- Merchant
- Transaction processor
- Network
The closed-loop network — the same strategy that Discover uses but that MasterCard and Visa do not use — allows Amex to see the payment transactions from both the perspective of the cardholder and the merchant, and craft more targeted offers to cardholders. Amex also contends that its closed-loop network allows for better protection against fraud for businesses as well as a better platform for merchants who deal in different currencies.
Discover is notably generous in its return policy: If you want to return an item within 90 days and the store won’t take it back, Discover will refund the purchase price up to $500 — up to a $2,500 maximum per year — on eligible items if the original store will not accept the return.
Compared with the other major card issuers, Amex focuses on more affluent consumers in its business model. In 2015, Amex customers averaged spending more than $1,600 per month on the card, whereas Visa averaged $843, Discover followed, averaging $737, and MasterCard brought up the rear at $639.
How Merchant Acceptance Works for Visa and MasterCard
Unlike Amex and Discover, Visa and MasterCard don’t issue credit cards. Both Visa and MasterCard are only credit card processors, not card issuers. Visa and MasterCard operate as financial middlemen, providing the technology and the networks to power transactions.
“Visa and MasterCard make their money from processing transactions,” said Miranda Marquit, a financial journalist and money expert. “They receive money each time you swipe your card, and [might] also receive other fees from merchants that use their payment processing networks to accept credit cards.”
Visa and MasterCard transactions involve four different parties:
- A payment gateway, which connects with the network and detects fraud
- An acquiring financial institution, such as the retailer’s bank
- An issuing financial institution such as the bank that issued your credit card and provides you with a line of credit — for example, Chase or Citibank
- The network between both financial institutions
Every time you use your Visa or MasterCard credit card, the charge is submitted through the retailer’s bank or financial institution, which must request approval from your financial institution — the card issuer — to verify that you have not reached your credit limit.
Visa and MasterCard also reach wider audiences by working with a variety of banks that offer Visa- and MasterCard-branded debit cards for checking accounts. For example, banks like Bank of America and Capital One offer both Visa and MasterCard to their customers. If you want a Discover or Amex card, you can’t get it through your bank because Discover and Amex serve as the issuing bank as well as the network.
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